Mach 5 Jet - Nearly two decades after Concorde's retirement; Interest in supersonic travel increased, and many superfast aircraft were developed. Airlines seem interested: United has already committed to offering supersonic routes as early as 2029.
But what about supersonic travel at five times the speed of sound at Mach 5? This would allow a flight from New York to London in 90 minutes, about three hours for Concorde and six to seven hours for a regular airliner.
Mach 5 Jet
That's what Atlanta-based startup Hermes, whose mission is to build high-speed aircraft, believes. It is already testing a new type of engine that it says could eventually reach Mach 5 (3,000 mph). The engine is designed for small, unmanned, hypersonic aircraft, while the Hermes is currently built for the US Air Force, but can be scaled up to a larger size to power passenger aircraft.
Boeing X 51 Waverider
This passenger plane is a long way off — Hermes hopes to get it into the air for its first test flight before the end of the decade, but the company built its technology almost entirely from the ground up. Already planned.
For starters, it will be much smaller than current airlines and the Concorde, which holds about 100 passengers.
"To help scale the plane, we basically created a business model for the airline," said AJ Piplica, CEO of Hermes. "We focused on business class and first class passengers and played with some parameters like speed and operating costs. What came out of that was a 20-passenger aircraft," he added.
Not far from the performance of large commercial jets; This means that there will be only one class.
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"We hope to make a profit with today's business class prices," Paplicka said, cautioning that it's hard to determine how much people will pay to fly five times faster. There is a product; You have real information."
The range of the aircraft will be about 4,000 nautical miles. This is sufficient for transatlantic routes such as New York to Paris, but not for transit routes such as LA to Tokyo, which require a stopover.
On land routes like New York to LA, there is no question of noise regulations: breaking the sound barrier usually comes with loud noise over water.
To understand how daring the idea of a Mach 5 passenger plane is; Useful for viewing flight speed logs.
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The fastest powered airplane ever flown was Mach 9.6 (6,800 mph). The Mach 9.6 (6,800 mph) record was set in 2004 by NASA's X-43A, an unmanned aircraft about 12 feet long.
The flight lasted only a few seconds, so the longest flight above Mach 5 is by the Boeing X-51. In 2013, another pilot drone flew at Mach 5.1 (3,400 mph) for more than three minutes. . Both planes had to be launched from high altitude by a B-52 bomber, then boosted by rockets, highlighting the complexities of such high-speed flight.
For aircraft with humans on board; The current absolute speed record is Mach 6.7 (4,520 mph), set in 1967 by the X-15. It was basically a rocket with a seat, designed to achieve a record and was to be launched from a high altitude by a B-52.
The speed record for an air-breathing aircraft powered by a jet engine instead of a rocket is Mach 3.3 (about 2,200 mph). The SR-71 Blackbird was a military reconnaissance aircraft in 1976
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One of only two commercial supersonic passenger planes, the Concorde's top speed was Mach 2.04 (1,350 mph).
Thus, the proposed Hermes passenger plane will by a large margin break the current record for the fastest air-breathing aircraft and will fly for a long time at Mach 5, making it the first unmanned experimental vehicle. Exceed current achievement. Of course, (maybe other aircraft beat these records before the Hermes did.)
So it's no surprise that the company's primary focus is on the engine. Tests began in February 2020 for a new engine design based on the current model used in fighter jets manufactured by General Electric.
It is a combination of two traditional technologies: turbojet; And the ramjet, a type of engine that can only operate at supersonic speeds and above. Initially, Hermes will power the Quarterhorse, a sleek hypersonic drone developed in a $60 million partnership with the United States Air Force.
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Interestingly, when designing a jet engine to make it faster, parts were removed rather than added. In a turbojet, air enters from the front and is first compressed by rotating blades (to increase its energy capacity), then mixes with fuel and burns. As a result, hot gases blow through the rear of the engine, propelling the aircraft forward.
But above Mach 3 you don't need to compress the air: just slow it down a lot and it will compress itself as it enters the engine. So for speeds above Mach 3 and up to Mach 6; A type of engine called a ramjet is often used - so called because it literally thrusts itself into the air. It has no moving parts, unlike turbojets, but does not operate at speeds below Mach 3.
Hermes will use its hybrid engine in turbojet mode during landing and will descend at supersonic speeds. Then once Mach 3 is reached, up to Mach 5, the engine will slowly adjust itself to ramjet mode.
"The turbojet part and the ramjet part themselves are mature technologies that we've been using for 50 years. The trick was to combine them, so we designed our structure with the turbojet engine off the shelf and built it from there. did," Paplicka says.
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There are a number of issues that Hermios cannot work on at the moment, such as what long-term fuel to use, because Hermios consumes more than current jets. Must resist flight.
Concorde's speed is severely limited by temperature, the windows and other internal surfaces heat up after takeoff, the temperature is less than half the expected speed of the Hermes.
The SR-71 Blackbird, on the other hand, was to be made of the extremely heat-resistant rare metal titanium, and its cockpit was to be made of quartz, its external temperature reaching 600 degrees Fahrenheit during the mission.
In response to skepticism about Hermes' chances of success and the need for large amounts of funding, Peplica compared it to Elon Musk's SpaceX.
Bell X 1
"I think in the early days of SpaceX, people were asking the same questions about the new space industry," he said. "People were looking at it in orbit and saying it should take a billion dollars, but SpaceX did it with the Falcon 1 for $90 million."
Hermes is SpaceX's Falcon 1; It intends to finance itself by building various aircraft on the way to the passenger plane, as it has developed the Dragon, Falcon Heavy and Starship rockets. You can earn by working together with it. Commercial partnership with NASA.
"There have been many projects like Hermes, but they have disappeared in the past," said Richard Abulfia, an aviation analyst at Tel Group. "It never works. If we can create a hypersonic transport vehicle in the late 2030s, amazingly, and the ticket price is in business class, it will be a success. But the probability of that is 1% is on the limit.”
If a supersonic passenger plane becomes a reality, what will it be like to fly?
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"It's going to be the same as the Concorde," Peplicka said. “You have to accelerate for a long time on an airplane today, and it feels like you're pushed back in your seat for 30 seconds to a minute.
"The experience will last 10 to 12 minutes. But when you're up at 100,000 feet on March 5, it's a really smooth ride. There's not a lot of air traffic, the air is very mild."
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